However, the typical slang of British English, American English, Australian English, and others are typically localized whereas Internet abbreviations are universal and used by any person who catches the gist of a chat.
Some people call it Internet slang since many abbreviations are mostly used in informal conversations of specific groups in social media networks. Somehow these catchy shorthand words have grown into the whole new language used by millennials and Gen Zers. (Gravina, Sabathaï, and Gwala-Madang n.d.In the world of messengers and chat rooms, the use of Internet abbreviations is as natural as seeing another selfie maker at the street. These attributions cannot be treated as reliable. Gender is a feature in a minority of Central Chadic languages, but when the gender of a noun is consistent across these languages, that gender is given as the gender of the reconstructed form. The commentary on each entry will indicate how the reconstruction should be treated if it is not attributable to Proto-Central Chadic.įor some nouns, the gender is included. The data includes several alternate isoglosses for common roots, and also several widespread loan words that entered into Central Chadic at an early stage in its history. Not all of the reconstructions given can be attributed to Proto-Central Chadic. In some cases, comparative data is given from languages of wider communication, such as Adamawa Fulfulde, Kanuri and Hausa. Musgum group: Mbara, Musgum (Mulwi, Munjuk, Vulum), Muskum Kotoko North group: Afade, Malgbe, Maltan, Mpade Higi group: Bana, Hya, Kamwe (Futu, Nkafa), Kirya, Psikye Maroua group: Giziga Marva, Giziga Moutourwa, Mbazla Mofu group: Dugwor, Mada, Merey, Mofu-gudur, Mofu North, Moloko, Muyang, Ouldeme, Zulgo (Gemzek) Mandara group: Cineni, Dghwede, Glavda, Guduf, Gvoko, Mandara (Malgwa), Matal, Podoko Margi group: Bura, Cibak, Kilba, Kofa, Margi, Margi South, Nggwahyi, Putai Tera group: Boga, Ga'anda, Hwana, Jara, Tera (Nyimatli)
The summary classification is as follows (dialects are in parentheses languages not cited in the data are in italics):īata group: Bachama, Bata, Fali, Gude, Gudu, Holma, Jimi, Ngwaba, Nzanyi, Sharwa, Tsuvan, Zizilivakanĭaba group: Buwal, Daba, Gavar, Mazagway, Mbudum, Mina Full evidence is given in the dissertation. The classification used here results from the identification of regular changes in the consonantal phonemes amongst groups of Central Chadic languages.
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